epimer association
type: Class
subclass of: association

gene-disease association linked with post-translational modification
example: methylation or phosphorylation of protein product
description: A gene-disease association in which the disease phenotype is associated with post-translational modifications in the protein product.
subclass of: gene-disease biomarker association
type: Class

probability value
type: Class
description: A p-value or probability value is the probability of obtaining a test statistic at least as extreme as the one that was actually observed, assuming that the null hypothesis is true
alternative: p-value
subclass of: probability measure

millennium
type: Class
subclass of: time interval
description: A millenium is a period of 1000 years

differential equation
description: A differential equation is a mathematical equation for an unknown function of one or several variables that relates the values of the function itself and its derivatives of various orders.
type: Class
subclass of: equation

mathematical entity
subset: math+
description: A mathematical entity is an information content entity that are components of a mathematical system or can be defined in mathematical terms.
type: Class

right closed interval
description: a right closed interval is an interval in which there is a real number that is larger than all of its elements.
type: Class
subclass of: interval

thickness
type: Class
description: thickness is the shortest dimensional extent of a 3D projection of an object.
subclass of: depth

start position
description: A start position is the proximal position of an object relative to an origin in a linear system.
type: Class
subclass of: linear position

percentile
type: Class
subclass of: quantile
description: A percentile (or a centile) is a quantile that divides the given probability distribution, or sample, into 100 equal-sized intervals.

sequence element position
type: Class
subclass of: linear position
description: A sequence element position is the position of an element of a linear sequence.

gene-disease association linked with genetic variation
type: Class
description: A gene-disease association in which a sequence variation (a mutation, a SNP) is associated with the disease.
alternative: gene variant-disease association
subclass of: gene-disease association linked with genomic alterations

Semanticscience Integrated Ontology (SIO)
type: Ontology
default language: en
contributor: Contributors are those that engage in discussions in the context of SIO (in alphabetical order): sivaram arabandi christopher baker joachim baran jerven bolleman matthew brush alison callahan leonid chepelev kevin cohen melanie courtot geraint duck laura furlong elisa kendall tatsuya kushida luke mccarthy jim mccusker jose miguel cruz-toledo chris mungall robert hoehndorf simon jupp jin-dong kim dana klassen thomas luetteke james malone chris mungall david osumi-sutherland tazro ohta nuria queralt stephen reed alexandre riazanov matthias samwald robert stevens mark wilkinson karin verspoor natalia villanueva-rosales
creator: Michel Dumontier
creator: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4727-9435
description: The semanticscience integrated ontology (SIO) provides a simple, integrated ontology (types, relations) for objects, processes and their attributes. This project provides foundational support for the Bio2RDF (http://bio2rdf.org) and SADI (http://sadiframework.org) projects. website: http://semanticscience.org email: sio-ontology@googlegroups.com mailing list: http://groups.google.com/group/sio-ontology
issued: 2010-03-29
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
rights: free to use,share,modify. modify with attribution [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/].
cites as authority: http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/5/1/14
preferred namespace prefix: sio
preferred namespace uri: http://semanticscience.org/resource/
comment: general class inclusion axioms: 'is part of' some 'physical entity' subClassOf 'is located in' some 'physical entity' role chains: 'has capability' o 'is realized in' -> 'is participant in'
modified: 2026-05-01
version info: sio-subset-math.owl
version IRI: sio-subset-math.owl

pattern
subclass of: mathematical entity
description: A pattern is a generalized representation of some repeatable concrete or informational item.
type: Class

imaginary number
type: Class
subclass of: complex number
example: 5i is an imaginary number, and its square is -25.
description: An imaginary number is a complex number whose real part is zero e.g. 0 + bi, and is expressed as a multiple of the square root of -1.
disjoint with: real number

number of objects produced
type: Class
description: number of objects produced is a count of objects that were produced in some process.
subclass of: count

orientation
type: Class
subclass of: position
description: orientation is an angle between the bearer and an axis, or the angle between the bearer and another object.

control variable
subclass of: variable
type: Class
alternative: extraneous variable
alternative: controlled variable
description: A control variable that is believed to alter the dependent or independent variables, but may not actually be the focus of the experiment. So that variable will be kept constant or monitored to try to minimise its effect on the experiment.

geographic position
description: A geographic position is the coordinate of an entity against some geographic coordinate system.
subclass of: position
type: Class

gene-disease association linked with germline modifying mutation
type: Class
description: A gene-variant disease association in which a germline mutation in the gene modifies the clinical presentation of the disease, and it may be passed on to offspring.
subclass of: gene-disease association linked with modifying mutation

second
type: Class
subclass of: time interval
description: A second (symbol: s) is the base unit of time in the International System of Units (SI) and is the second division of the hour by sixty, the first division by 60 being the minute.

pH
description: pH is a measure of the activity of the (solvated) hydrogen ion.
type: Class
comment: pH is defined as the decimal logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion activity, aH+, in a solution.
subclass of: dimensionless quantity

process number
type: Class
description: process number is a number associated with a process that denotes its ordinal position in a set of processes.
subclass of: ordinal position

end position
alternative: stop position
description: An end position is the distal position of an object relative to an origin in a linear system.
subclass of: linear position
type: Class

end date
description: An end date is a time instant pertaining to date of the end of a process.
subclass of: time instant
type: Class

width
type: Class
subclass of: 1D extent quantity
description: width is the shorter dimensional extent perpendicular to a 2D projection of the object.

number of objects consumed
type: Class
description: number of objects consumed is a count of objects that were consumed in some process.
subclass of: count

closed interval
subclass of: left closed interval
subclass of: right closed interval
example: [0,1] is a closed interval that is greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1.
type: Class
description: A closed interval is an interval that includes its endpoints, and is denoted with square brackets.

collection of 3d molecular structure models
type: Class
subclass of: collection
description: A collection of 3D molecular structure models is just that.

differential gene expression ratio
description: A differential gene expression ratio is the ratio of gene expression values from a test sample compared to a control sample.
subclass of: ratio
type: Class

page range
description: A page range denotes the start and end page in some document.
type: Class
subclass of: interval

replicate
subclass of: collection item
description: a replicate is an object that is a facsimile, reproduction, or copy of another item.
type: Class

sequence alignment
type: Class
subclass of: collection
description: A sequence alignment is the character-based alignment of sequences using some method.

copy number variation
subclass of: count
type: Class
alternative: CNV
description: copy number variation refers to the number of deletions/duplications of a DNA region as compared to some reference state.

default parameter
type: Class
subclass of: parameter
description: A default parameter is a parameter which has a default value.

t-statistic based increased differential gene expression
subclass of: differential gene expression ratio
description: A t-statistic based increased differential gene expression is a differential gene expression ratio in which the t-statistic is greater than zero.
type: Class

quantile
type: Class
subclass of: dimensionless quantity
description: A quantile is a quantity that divides the range of a probability distribution into continuous intervals with equal probabilities, or dividing the observations in a sample in the same way.

speed
type: Class
subclass of: rate of change
description: Speed is the rate of change of an object's position.

y cartesian coordinate
type: Class
subclass of: cartesian coordinate
description: An y cartesian coordinate is the coordinate of an object onto the y-axis of a cartesian coordinate system.

multiple sequence alignment
subclass of: sequence alignment
type: Class
description: A multiple sequence alignment is a sequence alignment involving more than two sequences.

variable
type: Class
description: A variable is a value that may change within the scope of a given problem or set of operations.
subclass of: mathematical entity

journal
equivalent to: http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/Journal
subclass of: periodical
type: Class
description: A journal is a a peer-reviewed periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published.

time measurement
description: time measurement is a measurement value of the duration of some interval of time or a particular instant of time (against some frame of reference).
example: the duration of my life; the duration of a surgical procedure, the moment of death
type: Class
comment: Time intervals are specified as date/datetime ranges.
subclass of: dimensional quantity

scalar
type: Class
description: a scalar is a rank 0 tensor and is an element of a field that is used to define a vector space.
alternative: rank 0 tensor
subclass of: tensor

edition number
description: An edition number is count of a literary work edited and published, as by a certain editor or in a certain manner including being printed during some interval of time.
subclass of: count
type: Class

mode
subclass of: centrality measure
description: A mode is the value that appears most often in a set of data.
type: Class

log likelihood
description: Log likelihood is the natural logarithm of the likelihood function
type: Class
subclass of: likelihood

sequence profile
subclass of: pattern
description: A sequence profile is provides the preference for a character at each position of an abstracted sequence.
type: Class

interval
subclass of: mathematical entity
description: An interval is a set of real numbers that includes all numbers between any two numbers in the set.
type: Class

ratio
description: A ratio is a relationship between two numbers of the same kind expressed arithmetically as a dimensionless quotient of the two which explicitly indicates how many times the first number contains the second.
type: Class
subclass of: dimensionless quantity

gene-disease association linked with germline causal mutation
description: A gene-variant disease association in which a germline mutation in the gene/protein results in the development or maintenance of the disease, and it may be passed on to offspring.
subclass of: gene-disease association linked with causal mutation
type: Class

sequence
alternative: ordered list
description: A sequence is an ordered list of entities. Like a set, it contains members (also called elements, or terms).
example: For example, (M, A, R, Y) is a sequence of letters that differs from (A, R, M, Y), as the ordering matters, and (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8), which contains the number 1 at two different positions, is a valid sequence.
subclass of: list
type: Class

chemical-chemical association
subclass of: association
type: Class
description: A chemical-chemical association is an association between two chemical entities.

matrix
type: Class
subclass of: rank nonzero tensor
alternative: rank 2 tensor
description: a matrix is a rank 2 tensor. It is represented as a rectangular array or table of numbers, symbols, or expressions arranged in rows and columns.

workflow
subclass of: algorithm
description: A workflow is an algorithm that is is a depiction of a sequence of operations to achieve one or more objectives.
type: Class

standard score
subclass of: probability measure
description: A standard score is the (signed) number of standard deviations an observation or datum is above the mean.
type: Class
alternative: z-value, z-score, normal score, standardadized variable.

ordered list
description: an ordered list is a list in which items are sequentially ordered.
subclass of: list
type: Class

area
subclass of: 2D extent quantity
type: Class
description: area is a quantity that pertains to the extent of a two-dimensional surface or shape, or planar lamina, in the plane.

gene-disease association linked with susceptibility mutation
subclass of: gene-disease association linked with genetic variation
type: Class
description: A gene-disease association in which a germline mutation in the gene predisposes to the development of the disease, and it is necessary but not sufficient for the manifestation of the disease.

height
description: height is the one dimensional extent along the vertical projection of a 3D object from a base plane of reference.
type: Class
subclass of: 1D extent quantity

volume
description: volume is the quantity of three-dimensional space enclosed by some closed boundary.
type: Class
subclass of: 3D extent quantity

gene-gene association
subclass of: association
type: Class
comment: A gene-gene association is an association between two genes.

fusion gene-disease association
description: A gene-disease association in which the fusion between two different genes (promotor and/or other coding DNA regions) is associated with the disease.
type: Class
subclass of: gene-disease association linked with genomic alterations

algorithm
description: An algorithm is an effective method expressed as a finite list of well-defined instructions for calculating a function.
subclass of: mathematical entity
type: Class

z cartesian coordinate
description: A z cartesian coordinate is the coordinate of an object onto the z-axis of a cartesian coordinate system.
type: Class
subclass of: cartesian coordinate

2D extent quantity
subclass of: spatial quantity
description: A quantity that extends in two dimensions.
type: Class

end time
type: Class
subclass of: time instant
description: An end time is a time instant pertaining to the time at which a process ends.

dimensional quantity
description: A dimensional quantity is a quantity that has an associated unit.
type: Class
subclass of: quantity

t-statistic based decreased differential gene expression
description: A t-statistic based decreased differential gene expression is a differential gene expression ratio in which the t-statistic is less than zero.
type: Class
subclass of: differential gene expression ratio

ordinal position
alternative: offset
type: Class
subclass of: linear position
description: A ordinal position is a number that designates the position of an entity from the first entity in an ordered sequence of entities.

left open interval
type: Class
subclass of: interval
description: a left open interval is an interval in which there is no element that is smaller than all other elements.

chemical-disease association
subclass of: association
description: A chemical-disease association is an association between a chemical and a disease.
type: Class

maximal value
type: Class
description: A maximal value is largest value of an attribute for the entities in the defined set.
subclass of: quantity
alternative: max

a collection of replicates
type: Class
description: a collection of replicates is a collection composed of items that are a facsimile, reproduction, or copy of other items in the collection.
alternative: replicates
subclass of: collection

coordinate
description: A coordinate is a measurement of position in n-dimensional space.
type: Class
subclass of: position

polar coordinate
type: Class
description: A polar coordinate is a position characterized by a distance from a fixed point and an angle from a fixed direction.
subclass of: coordinate

gene-disease association linked with genomic alterations
subclass of: gene-disease biomarker association
description: a gene-disease association that is linked with some genomic alteration
type: Class

periodical
type: Class
subclass of: collection of documents
equivalent to: http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/Periodical
description: A periodical is a publication that appears on a regular schedule.

number
subclass of: scalar
description: A number is a tensor of rank 0.
type: Class
alternative: rank 0 tensor

page total
type: Class
subclass of: count
description: A page total is a textual entity that is about the number of pages in some informational entity.

gene expression value
description: A gene expression value is a measured value obtained from a gene expression experiment.
type: Class
subclass of: dimensional quantity

gene-disease association linked with causal mutation
type: Class
description: A gene-variant disease association in which a mutation in the gene/protein results in the development or maintenance of the disease.
subclass of: gene-disease association linked with genetic variation

gene-disease association linked with chromosomal rearrangement
type: Class
description: A gene-disease association in which the gene is included in a chromosomal rearrangement associated with a particular manifestation of the disease.
subclass of: gene-disease association linked with genomic alterations

character position
type: Class
subclass of: ordinal position
alternative: character offset
description: The ordinal position of a character in a sequence of characters.

difference in number of objects produced
subclass of: count
description: A difference in number of objects produced is a count of the number of objects produced with respect to a second variable (space, time, etc)
type: Class

unigene cluster
type: Class
subclass of: collection
description: a unigene cluster is a collection of transcripts (ESTs and mRNAs) that map to a particular genomic region.
alternative: cluster of transcripts

newspaper
type: Class
equivalent to: http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/Newspaper
subclass of: periodical
description: A newspaper is a periodical publication containing news regarding current events, informative articles, diverse features, editorials, and advertising.

union
subclass of: list
description: A union is a list of all of the values of an attribute for the entities in the defined set.
type: Class
disjoint with: intersection

sequence motif
disjoint with: structural motif
description: A sequence motif is a pattern of nucleotides in a DNA sequence or amino acids in a protein.
type: Class
subclass of: pattern

measurement value
subclass of: number
type: Class
description: A measurement value is a quantitative description that reflects the magnitude of some attribute.

collection of points
description: A collection of points is a geometric entity that contains a non-zero set of geometric points.
type: Class
subclass of: collection

text span start position
type: Class
description: text span start position is the position (offset) of the first character of a text span in relation the text it is from.
subclass of: start position

page number
description: A page number is the count of a page in a sequence of pages.
subclass of: count
type: Class

protein-disease association
subclass of: association
type: Class
comment: A protein-disease association is an association between a protein and a disease.

generation number
subclass of: count
description: generation number is a count of the number of biological reproduction events elapsed from some starting reference point.
type: Class

linear position
type: Class
description: A linear position is the position of some object against a linear positioning system.
subclass of: position

chemical-pathway association
alternative: drug-pathway association
subclass of: association
description: a chemical-pathway association is an association between a chemical and a pathway.
type: Class

count
type: Class
description: The number of elements of a finite set of objects.
subclass of: dimensionless quantity

dose
type: Class
subclass of: dimensional quantity
description: A dose is the quantity of a chemical substance administered to a biological system.

gene-disease association linked with altered gene expression
subclass of: gene-disease biomarker association
type: Class
description: A gene-disease association in which the disease phenotype is associated with an altered expression of the gene.

volume number
description: volume number is a count of a sequence of periodicals.
type: Class
subclass of: count

gene-disease biomarker association
subclass of: gene-disease association
description: A gene-disease association in which the gene/protein is involved in the etiology or maintenance of the disease.
type: Class

duplicate
description: a duplicate is an object that is an exact copy of another item
subclass of: collection item
type: Class

median
type: Class
subclass of: centrality measure
description: A median is the numerical value separating the higher half of a sample, a population, or a probability distribution, from the lower half.

day
subclass of: time interval
type: Class
description: A day is a period of 24 hours.

t-statistic
type: Class
description: A t-statistic is a ratio of the departure of an estimated parameter from its notional value and its standard error.
subclass of: ratio

equation
type: Class
subclass of: mathematical entity
description: An equation is a mathematical statement that asserts the equality of two expressions.

collection of documents
subclass of: collection
description: A collection of documents is a non-zero set of documents.
type: Class
equivalent to: http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/Collection

effective dose
subclass of: dose
description: effective dose is the amount of a substance required to produce an effect on a predefined percentage of a population.
type: Class

1D extent quantity
subclass of: spatial quantity
description: A quantity that extends in single dimension.
type: Class

length of perimeter
subclass of: 2D extent quantity
description: A perimeter is a length of the outline that surrounds a two-dimensional shape.
type: Class

time interval
subclass of: time measurement
description: A time internval is a contiguous temporal region having some duration.
type: Class

center of mass
subclass of: position
description: The center of mass (aka barycenter) is the weighted average location of all the mass in a body or group of bodies.
type: Class

dependent variable
description: A dependent variable is one whose value changes as a consequence of changes in other values in the system.
subclass of: variable
type: Class

list
subclass of: set
description: A list is any enumeration of a set of items.
type: Class

postal code
subclass of: geographic position
description: A postal code is a geographic coordinate composed of a series of letters and/or digits appended to a postal address for the purpose of sorting mail.
type: Class

spatial quantity
type: Class
description: A spatial quantity is a quantity obtained from measuring the spatial extent of an entity
subclass of: dimensional quantity
alternative: physical dimensional quantity

quantity
description: A quantity is an informational entity that gives the magnitude of a property.
type: Class
subclass of: measurement value

start date
subclass of: time instant
type: Class
description: A start date is a time instant pertaining to the date of the beginning of a process.

parameter
subclass of: independent variable
description: A parameter is variable whose value changes the characteristics of a system or a function.
type: Class

intersection
type: Class
subclass of: list
description: An intersection is a list of only the values of an attribute for the entities in the defined set where all entities have that value.

protein family
description: a protein family is a collection of proteins that share a common evolutionary origin, reflected by their related function and similarity in composition or structure.
type: Class
subclass of: collection

month
subclass of: time interval
type: Class
description: A month is a period of time that divides the year.

structural motif
description: A structural motif is a pattern in a structure formed by a spatial arrangement of objects (e.g. atoms).
type: Class
subclass of: pattern

gene-disease association linked with somatic modifying mutation
description: A gene-variant disease association in which a somatic mutation in the gene modifies the clinical presentation of the disease, and it may not be passed on to offspring.
type: Class
subclass of: gene-disease association linked with modifying mutation

catalog
description: A catalog is a systemic collection of items of the same type.
subclass of: collection
alternative: registry
type: Class

chemical-gene association
type: Class
subclass of: association
description: a chemical-gene association is an association between a chemical and a gene.

implies (->)
description: Implication is a logical operator that holds between a set T of propositions and a proposition B, when every model (or interpretation or valuation) of T is also a model of B.
type: Class
subclass of: logical operator

member count
subclass of: count
description: A count of the instances of a class or members in a collection.
type: Class

database cross-reference
alternative: dbxref
subclass of: association
description: A database cross-reference is an association between one data item and another.
type: Class

3D extent quantity
type: Class
description: A quantity that extends in three dimensions.
subclass of: spatial quantity

complex number
type: Class
subclass of: number
description: a complex number is an element of a number system that extends the real numbers with an imaginary unit i. Every complex number can be expressed in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers.

density
type: Class
description: Density (volumetric mass density) is the quantity of mass per unit volume of a substance.
subclass of: 3D extent quantity

uncertainty value
description: The uncertainty value (margin of error) of a measurement is a range of values likely to enclose the true value.
type: Class
subclass of: quantity

author list
subclass of: ordered list
type: Class
description: an ordered list of authors.

circumference
subclass of: length of perimeter
description: circumference is the length of the outline of a circle or ellipse. it is defined as c = 2*pi*r, where r is the radius.
type: Class

DisGeNET disease specificity
subclass of: ratio
description: DisGeNET Disease specificity is a measure of disease coverage. It is calculated from the negative base 2 log of the ratio of number of diseases associated to the total number of diseases. The measure is described here: http://www.disgenet.org/web/DisGeNET/menu/dbinfo#specificity
type: Class

right open interval
description: a right open interval is an interval in which there is no element that is greater than all other elements.
type: Class
subclass of: interval

open interval
example: (0,1) is an open interval that is greater than 0 and less than 1.
subclass of: right open interval
subclass of: left open interval
type: Class
description: an open interval is an interval that does not include its endpoints.

book series
type: Class
description: A book series is a collection of books that have been sequentially published.
subclass of: collection of documents

week
description: A week is a period of 7 consecutive days.
type: Class
subclass of: time interval

specific gravity
type: Class
description: Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance; equivalently, it is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of a reference substance for the same given volume.
subclass of: ratio

negation (not)
subclass of: logical operator
description: NOT is a logical operator in that has the value true if its operand is false.
type: Class

dimensionless quantity
disjoint with: dimensional quantity
type: Class
subclass of: quantity
description: A dimensionless quantity is a quantity that has no associated unit.

interval
subclass of: set
type: Class
description: an interval is a set of real numbers with the property that any number that lies between two numbers in the set is also included in the set.
example: The set of all numbers x satisfying 0<=x<=1 is an interval which contains 0 and 1, as well as numbers between them.

velocity
type: Class
subclass of: speed
description: The rate of change of an object's position and the direction of that change

slope
subclass of: ratio
description: A slope or gradient of a line describes its steepness, incline, or grade. A higher slope value indicates a steeper incline. Slope is normally described by the ratio of the "rise" divided by the "run" between two points on a line.
type: Class

concentration
subclass of: 3D extent quantity
type: Class
description: concentration is the amount of substance per unit volume of a solution

list item
type: Class
subclass of: set item
description: a list item is an item in a list.

date of database submission
subclass of: time instant
type: Class
description: A date of database submission refers to the moment in time in which some information was submitted/received to a database system.

latitude
type: Class
subclass of: geographic position
description: Latitude is a geographic coordinate which refers to the angle from a point on the Earth's surface to the equatorial plane

exclusive disjunction (xor)
description: XOR, also called exclusive disjunction or (symbolized XOR, EOR, EXOR, or ⊕), is a type of logical disjunction on two operands that results in a value of true if exactly one of the operands has a value of true.
type: Class
subclass of: disjunction (or)

logical operator
subclass of: mathematical entity
type: Class
description: A logical operator is a unary or binary relation to construct logical expressions.

frequency
description: Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time
type: Class
subclass of: rate of change

sum
type: Class
description: A sum is the result of adding a set of values together.
subclass of: quantity

increase in number of objects produced
subclass of: difference in number of objects produced
type: Class
description: An increase in the number of objects produced is the positive value of a difference in number of objects produced.

association
subclass of: mathematical entity
type: Class
description: An association is a relationship between two or more entities derived by some informational analysis.

real number
type: Class
subclass of: complex number
description: a real number is a complex number whose imaginary part is zero, e.g. a + 0i.

website
type: Class
subclass of: collection of documents
description: A website is a collection of documents published on the World Wide Web.

data series
description: A data series is a data set composed of related values displayed in a statistical graph.
type: Class
example: Example: The two series that correspond to "Seasonally adjusted" and "Trend" are composed of the seasonally adjusted value of permits in each month and values from a trend derived from some mathematical tranformation across those values, respectively, in Graph 1 of http://tinyurl.com/opwnvm
subclass of: list

word end position
type: Class
description: word end position is the position of the last character in a word as an offset from the first character of the text in which it is found.
subclass of: text span end position

centrality measure
type: Class
subclass of: quantity
description: A central tendency measure is a central value or a typical value for a probability distribution.

century
type: Class
description: A century is a period of one hundred years.
subclass of: time interval

word start position
subclass of: text span start position
description: The position of the first character in a word as an offset from the first character of the text in which it is found.
type: Class

altitude
type: Class
description: Altitude is a distance above sea level.
subclass of: position

disease-disease association
subclass of: association
type: Class
comment: A disease-disease association is an association between two diseases.

protein-protein association
subclass of: association
comment: A protein-protein association is an association between two proteins.
type: Class

conjunction (and)
subclass of: logical operator
type: Class
description: AND is a logical operator that has the value true if both of its operands are true, otherwise a value of false.

left closed interval
subclass of: interval
type: Class
description: a left closed interval is an interval in which there is a real number that is smaller than all its elements.

set
subclass of: mathematical entity
description: A set is a collection of entities, for which there may be zero members.
type: Class

start time
subclass of: time instant
description: A start time is a time instant pertaining to the time at which a process begins.
type: Class

empty set
description: An empty set is a set for which there are exactly 0 members.
subclass of: set
type: Class

chemical-protein association
subclass of: association
type: Class
comment: A chemical-protein association is an association between a chemical and a protein.

magazine
type: Class
subclass of: periodical
equivalent to: http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/Magazine
description: A magazine is a periodical that typically contains essays, stories, poems, etc., by many writers, and often photographs and drawings, frequently specializing in a particular subject or area, as hobbies, news, or sports.

ordered list item
description: an ordered list item is an item in an ordered list.
type: Class
subclass of: list item

x cartesian coordinate
type: Class
subclass of: cartesian coordinate
description: An x cartesian coordinate is the coordinate of an object onto the x-axis of a cartesian coordinate system.

probability measure
description: A probability measure is quantity of how likely it is that some event will occur.
type: Class
subclass of: dimensionless quantity

percentage
type: Class
description: A percentage is a number that is a ratio expressed as a fraction of 100. It is denoted using the percent sign "%".
subclass of: ratio

exact cross-reference
type: Class
subclass of: database cross-reference
description: An exact cross-reference is a database cross-reference in which one entity is equivalent to the other based on all the entitie's attributes (minus the source).

date of issue
description: the date at which an information content entity was made public.
subclass of: time instant
type: Class

hour
subclass of: time interval
description: An hour is a period of 60 minutes.
type: Class

vector space
type: Class
description: a vector space is a set of vectors.
subclass of: mathematical entity

vector
type: Class
subclass of: rank nonzero tensor
description: a vector is a rank 1 tensor that is described by n-dimension of scalars.
alternative: rank 1 tensor

rank nonzero tensor
description: a rank nonzero tensor is a tensor with a rank greater than zero.
subclass of: tensor
type: Class

diffusion equation
description: A diffusion equation describes density fluctuations in a material undergoing diffusion.
type: Class
subclass of: movement equation

a collection of duplicates
alternative: duplicates
type: Class
subclass of: collection
description: a collection of duplicates is a collection composed of items that are an exact copy of other items in the collection.

disjunction (or)
subclass of: logical operator
description: OR is a logical operator that results in true whenever one or more of its operands are true.
type: Class

longitude
description: Longitude is a geographic position that refers to the angle east or west of a reference meridian between the two geographical poles to another meridian that passes through an arbitrary point.
type: Class
disjoint with: latitude
subclass of: geographic position

3D cartesian coordinate
description: A 3D cartesian coordinate is a coordinate that is composed of an x, y and z coordinate.
type: Class
subclass of: cartesian coordinate

mean
subclass of: centrality measure
alternative: arithmeritic mean
alternative: average
type: Class
description: A mean is the central tendency of a collection of numbers taken as the sum of the numbers divided by the size of the collection.

independent variable
subclass of: variable
type: Class
description: An independent variable is a variable that may take on different values independent of other elements in a system.

year
subclass of: time interval
type: Class
description: A year is a period of time taken by a planet to make one revolution around the sun.

surface area
subclass of: area
description: The surface area of a is a measure of the total area that the surface of the object occupies.
type: Class

likelihood
subclass of: quantity
description: Likelihood is the hypothetical probability that an event that has already occurred would yield a specific outcome.
type: Class

partial differential equation
description: A partial differential equation (PDE) is a differential equation in which the unknown function is a function of multiple independent variables and the equation involves its partial derivatives.
type: Class
subclass of: differential equation

text span end position
subclass of: end position
type: Class
description: text span end position is the position (offset) of the last character of a text span in relation the text it is from.

ordinary differential equation
subclass of: differential equation
type: Class
description: An ordinary differential equation (ODE) is a differential equation in which the unknown function (also known as the dependent variable) is a function of a single independent variable.

protein expression value
subclass of: dimensional quantity
type: Class
description: A protein expression value is a quantity obtained from a protein expression experiment.

pairwise sequence alignment
type: Class
description: A pairwise sequence alignment is the alignment of exactly 2 sequences.
subclass of: sequence alignment

cartesian coordinate
type: Class
description: A Cartesian coordinate is the signed distance of a point to some referent line.
disjoint with: polar coordinate
subclass of: coordinate

depth
description: depth is the dimensional extent into a plane of a 3D projection of the object.
type: Class
subclass of: 1D extent quantity

DisGeNET Pleiotropy Index
type: Class
subclass of: ratio
description: The DisGeNET pleiotropy index is a measure of specificity as it pertains to classes of disease. The disease pleotropy index is computed from the ratio of the number of disease classes associated with an entity over the total number of disease classes multplied by 100. The measure is defined here: http://www.disgenet.org/web/DisGeNET/menu/dbinfo#pleiotropy

decrease in number of objects produced
subclass of: difference in number of objects produced
type: Class
description: An decrease in the number of objects produced is the negative value of a difference in number of objects produced.

aspect ratio
subclass of: ratio
description: The aspect ratio of a geometric shape is the ratio of its sizes in different dimensions.
type: Class

statistical association
type: Class
description: A statistical association is any relationship between two measured quantities that renders them statistically dependent.
subclass of: association

age
description: age is the length of time that a person has lived or a thing has existed.
type: Class
subclass of: dimensional quantity

gene-disease association linked with somatic causal mutation
subclass of: gene-disease association linked with causal mutation
description: A gene-variant disease association in which a somatic mutation in the gene/protein results in the development or maintenance of the disease, and it may not be passed on to offspring.
type: Class

minimal value
type: Class
subclass of: quantity
alternative: min
description: A minimal value is smallest value of an attribute for the entities in the defined set.

time instant
description: A time instant is a temporal region which occurs instantaneously, e.g. having no duration.
subclass of: time measurement
example: at this moment; the moment at which a finger is detached in an industrial accident; the moment at which a child is born; the moment of death
type: Class

sequence start position
type: Class
subclass of: start position
subclass of: sequence element position
description: A sequence start position is the start position for a sequence of characters.

therapeutic gene-disease association
type: Class
subclass of: gene-disease association
alternative: gene-disease association arising from a therapeutic role of the gene/protein
description: A gene disease association in which the gene is a therapeutic marker for the disease.

minute
subclass of: time interval
description: A minute is a period of 60 seconds.
type: Class

standard deviation
type: Class
subclass of: quantity
description: A standard deviation (represented by the symbol σ) is the quantity of variation from the average (mean, or expected value).

correlation
subclass of: statistical association
description: A correlation is a statistical relationship involving dependence between two random variables or datasets.
type: Class

expected value
subclass of: probability measure
description: An expected value (or e-value) is the weighted average of all possible values that a random variable can take on.
type: Class

sequence end position
subclass of: end position
subclass of: sequence element position
type: Class
description: A sequence end position is the position of the last character in a sequence of characters relative to some linear frame of reference.

position
type: Class
description: A measurement of a spatial location relative to a frame of reference or other objects.
subclass of: measurement value

mass
subclass of: spatial quantity
description: mass is the quality of the amount of substance.
type: Class

set item
subclass of: mathematical entity
type: Class
description: set item is an item in a set.

collection
subclass of: set
type: Class
description: A collection is a set for which there exists at least one member, although any member need not to exist at any point in the collection's existence.

rate of change
subclass of: dimensional quantity
type: Class
description: The amount of change accumulated per unit time.

unit of measurement
type: Class
description: A unit of measurement is a definite magnitude of a physical quantity, defined and adopted by convention and/or by law, that is used as a standard for measurement of the same physical quantity.
subclass of: quantity

tensor
description: a tensor is a n-dimensional array.
subclass of: mathematical entity
type: Class

class
description: A class is a collection of sets which can be unambiguously defined by a property that all its members share.
type: Class
subclass of: set

movement equation
type: Class
description: A movement equation describes the displacement of an object in space over time.
subclass of: equation

length
description: length is the longer dimensional extent along a 2D projection of the object.
type: Class
subclass of: 1D extent quantity

collection item
type: Class
description: a collection item is an item in a collection.
subclass of: set item

gene-disease association linked with modifying mutation
subclass of: gene-disease association linked with genetic variation
description: A gene-disease association in which a gene mutation is known to modify the clinical presentation of the disease.
type: Class

gene-disease association
subclass of: association
type: Class
description: A gene-disease association is an association between a gene and a disease.